The first optical device built by man was a magnifying glass, or magnifying glass.
The basic optical laws are the rectilinear propagation of light.
A significant step in the development of optics was made by the Arab scientist Alhazen in the 10th century A.D. In Europe, this work became known in the 16th century, at the beginning of which the works of Leonardo da Vinci also appeared. This period is marked by the connection of optics as a cognitive science with practice. Leonardo da Vinci studies the properties of the pinhole camera, the eye. His name is associated with the development of photometry as a science, the development of lens grinding machines, etc.
The first decade of the 17th century was characterized by success in experiments in optics, which marked the beginning of the development of optical instrumentation. A telescope was made by a spectacle maker in the Netherlands. A similar tube, based on the doctrine of the refraction of light, was later also created by G. Galileo (1609), who made a number of important observations and discoveries in astronomy with its help. Following Galileo's telescope, I. Kepler (1611) built a telescope with two biconvex lenses. This made it possible to further apply a grid of filaments, as well as an ocular micrometer (W. Gascoigne, 1636), which served to measure small angular distances during astronomical observations.
The creation of simple and complex microscopes, which were used to study biological objects, also dates back to this time.
The origin of applied optics as a science dates back to the beginning of the 17th century, when I. Kepler created the theory of the telescope, microscope and eye (Kepler. Dioptrica, 1611). I. Kepler first pointed out how to find images given by lenses, but he never established the exact law of refraction. The formulation of the law of refraction based on experiment was given by W. Snellius (1621), and then R. Descartes independently mathematically derived this law. R. Descartes gives optics a geometric direction.
A worthy successor of R. Descartes was I. Newton (1643-1727). He wrote the basic formulas of paraxial optics, formulas for determining spherical aberration, and a method for constructing foci of infinitely thin astigmatic beams. Newton's main achievement is the discovery of dispersion. He showed that it is the dispersion that causes blurred images in astronomical tubes. However, Newton considered it impossible to create achromatic optical systems, which delayed their appearance for a long time.
A contemporary of I. Newton, H. Huygens, developed the wave theory of light in 1678,
A revolution in the design of optical devices was caused by the creation of the theory of geometric optics, which began to develop rapidly after the work of I. Kepler, R. Descartes and I. Newton.
The issues of applied optics and especially the creation and production of various optical devices and instruments occupied an important place in the creative activity of the great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov, who was the first scientist to use a microscope to solve a wide range of scientific problems. It is clear from M. V. Lomonosov's "Chemical and Optical Notes" that he designed many optical instruments: a "horizonoscope" (periscope), a "bathoscope" (instrument for underwater observations), a photometer, a night telescope, a searchlight. M. V. Lomonosov built more than 10 new optical instruments. Cricket betting continues to grow worldwide, and having extra funds makes every match more engaging. To secure your advantage, simply use melbet promo code bd in the registration form when joining Melbet as a new player. This code provides a 100% welcome bonus up to €130, doubling your first deposit for betting on T20 leagues, test matches, ODI tournaments, and The Hundred. You can place higher stakes on top batsmen, total runs, wickets, partnerships, or match outcomes across international and domestic competitions including the IPL, Big Bash, and the Ashes.